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RESEARCH CONSOLE / 07

CJC-1295 references: every figure on this site, traced to its source.

The human pharmacokinetic studies, the preclinical anchors, the mechanism and class reviews, and the regulatory and safety literature — with PubMed IDs and DOIs.

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The CJC-1295 citation register

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered citation below. The CJC-1295 references span the human pharmacokinetic studies that established the GH and IGF-1 kinetics [1][2], the preclinical and analytical work that characterized the albumin conjugate and confirmed the molecule's identity [3][4][5][6], the mechanism and class reviews [7][13], and the safety, regulatory, and sleep-axis literature [8][9][10][11][12][14][15].

Where a record is available on PubMed or via DOI, the link resolves to the source. The human PK work (Teichman 2006; Ionescu and Frohman 2006) is the backbone of the half-life and GH/IGF-1 figures; the Jette 2005 rat study established CJC-1295 as the lead long-acting GRF analog; the Alba 2006 GHRH-knockout-mouse study anchors the once-daily dosing result; and the Steiger 1992 and 2025 circuit studies underpin the sleep material. The full list is below.

How to read the register

The citations fall into four bands. The human PK band — Teichman 2006 [1] and Ionescu and Frohman 2006 [2] — is the strongest evidence and supplies the half-life, the GH fold-changes, and the IGF-1 percentages quoted throughout the site. The preclinical and analytical band — Jette 2005 [3], Alba 2006 [4], Sackmann-Sala 2009 [5], and Henninge 2010 [6] — covers the rat conjugate work, the knockout-mouse growth result, the serum proteome study, and the LC-MS/MS identification of CJC-1295 in a seized preparation.

The mechanism and class band — the 2025 Nature Reviews Endocrinology synthesis [7] and the 2026 musculoskeletal-peptide review [13] — places CJC-1295 in the GHRH-analog landscape. The fourth band is the supporting safety, regulatory, and sleep literature: the GH-axis insulin-sensitivity and sodium-retention and nitrogen-balance references [8][9][10], the Modified GRF 1-29 description [11], the adult GH-deficiency clinical-context update [12], and the Steiger sleep study and 2025 sleep-circuit paper [14][15]. Reading the bands in that order moves from the firmest CJC-1295-specific evidence outward to the general physiology used to interpret it.

  1. Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. ↗
  2. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792-4797. ↗
  3. Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. ↗
  4. Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, Lawrence B, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA, Salvatori R. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294. ↗
  5. Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(6):471-477. ↗
  6. Henninge J, Pepaj M, Hullstein I, Hemmersbach P. Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation. Drug Test Anal. 2010;2(11-12):647-650. ↗
  7. Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21(3):180-195. ↗
  8. Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. ↗
  9. GH increases extracellular volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002. ↗
  10. Growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogue effects on nitrogen balance and urea kinetics. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009. ↗
  11. Modified GRF (1-29) — chemical and pharmacological description (encyclopedic reference). 2024. ↗
  12. A 2024 update on growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults: from guidelines to clinical practice. J Clin Med. 2024;13(20):6079. ↗
  13. Safety and efficacy of approved and unapproved peptide therapies for musculoskeletal conditions. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  14. Steiger A, Guldner J, Hemmeter U, et al. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in normal men. Neuroendocrinology. 1992;56(4):566-573. ↗
  15. Neuroendocrine circuit for sleep-dependent growth hormone release. Cell. 2025. ↗